We have now studied the basic classification of the 89 or 121 cittas.
Let us look at the entire classification one more time:
The above chart shows the classification of 89 cittas. There are 89 cittas in total when the lokuttara cittas are taken as 8 in number – that is – when magga cittas are taken as 4 in number and phala cittas are also taken as 4 in number.
Let us see the chart for classification of cittas if their total number is 121:
When the magga cittas are taken as 20 in number and phala cittas are also taken as 20 in number – the total number of lokuttara cittas becomes 40.
As a result the total number of cittas now becomes 121 in number.
So remember this point –
When we consider the total number of cittas as 89 – it means that we consider the lokuttara cittas to be 8 in number. [ magga cittas 4 + phala cittas 4 ]
When we consider the total number of cittas as 121 – it means that we are taking the lokuttara cittas to be 40 in number. [ magga cittas 20 + phala cittas 20 ]
This is so because each of the 4 magga cittas can be of 5 types, depending on the jhāna level.
Study the Lesson 15 one more time if you are not clear about this point.
Revise these lessons well before you continue learning. It is good that you have learnt so much. May this kusala kamma help you to abide by the Lord Buddha’s Teaching and gain greater and greater happiness.
When you can recollect the lessons at ease, proceed further to ‘FURTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF CITTAS’. They are quite easy. But finish these lesson first before you proceed.
Taunggalay Buddhist College proudly launched its inaugural online academic program today, marking a significant step in bringing higher education to the monastic and rural communities of Myanmar through modern technology. The launch begins with its first cohort of 30 students—28 young monastics from Taunggalay Monastery and 2 lay students from Taunggalay village—who will be pioneering the college’s innovative learning journey.
Built on a Learning Management System (LMS) inspired by Moodle, Taunggalay Buddhist College offers a two-year online degree program that blends traditional Theravāda Buddhist education with modern academic disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, English, and physics. This initiative represents a bold mission: “Where Buddhism Meets Science.”
Before beginning their academic coursework, students will first complete New Student Orientation (NSO 0001)—an introductory course designed to help them navigate the LMS, get comfortable with digital learning tools, and understand the college’s expectations and community values.
The college’s online model includes:
Downloadable learning materials
Interactive quizzes at the end of each unit
Peer-reviewed assignments
Discussion forums for collaborative learning
Photos and screenshots from the platform show students’ early engagement, including discussion posts and sample quiz questions.
Disclaimer: Some of the course images are generated using AI for inspirational purposes only and may not accurately depict real-life situations.
The official website of Taunggalay Buddhist College is also now live, offering more information on admissions, curriculum, and upcoming events.
This launch not only signals a new chapter in the history of Buddhist education in Myanmar but also demonstrates how technology can serve as a bridge between tradition and innovation—bringing the Dhamma into the digital age.
"sandhi is derived from saṃ + dhā meaning “putting together” and is used to refer to the transformation that results from the joining together of two words (or two parts of a word) for the sake of euphony.”
Thailand’s Constitutional Court has suspended Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra from office as of Tuesday, July 1, 2025, pending an ethics investigation into her conduct during a leaked phone call with Cambodia’s influential former leader Hun Sen. The court accepted a petition from 36 senators accusing Paetongtarn of dishonesty and breaching ethical standards in violation of the constitution, specifically related to remarks made during the June 15 call, which was intended to ease escalating border tensions but included criticism of a Thai military commander—a sensitive issue in a country with strong military influence.
The court voted 7-2 to suspend her from her prime ministerial duties while the investigation proceeds. Paetongtarn has 15 days to present her defense. During her suspension, Deputy Prime Minister Suriya Jungrungreangkit is expected to serve as acting prime minister. Following a cabinet reshuffle, Paetongtarn will remain in government as the new culture minister.
The fallout from the leaked conversation has triggered public outrage, mass protests, and the withdrawal of a key coalition partner, leaving her government with a razor-thin majority and facing an imminent no-confidence vote in parliament. Paetongtarn’s approval rating has plummeted, and she faces mounting calls for her resignation. This suspension marks another episode in Thailand’s ongoing political turbulence, with legal and parliamentary battles continuing to shape the country’s leadership.
Featured Image: Demonstrators holding signs and flags face California National Guard members standing guard outside the Federal Building as they protest federal immigration operations in Los Angeles, on June 9, 2025. (Apu GOMES / AFP)
Los Angeles has been the epicenter of intense protests since June 6, 2025, sparked by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids targeting undocumented immigrants. The demonstrations, which have turned confrontational at times, prompted President Donald Trump to authorize the deployment of 2,000 National Guard troops along with 700 Marines to the city to restore order and protect federal property[1][3][4][5].
US Marines are briefed by battalion leadership while rehearsing crowd control tactics at a base in the Los Angeles area, on Tuesday. Cpl. Logan Courtright/US Marines/Reuters
The unrest began after ICE conducted multiple raids in Los Angeles, arresting over 100 people suspected of immigration violations. The raids took place in locations such as the Fashion District and a Home Depot, leading to clashes between protesters and federal agents. Protesters blocked streets, including the 101 Freeway, and confrontations involved the use of tear gas, pepper spray, and flash-bang grenades by law enforcement[2][5].
The protests have been marked by significant tension, with some demonstrators throwing objects and law enforcement responding with less-lethal munitions. Multiple injuries and arrests have been reported on both sides. Local officials, including California Governor Gavin Newsom and Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass, expressed confidence in local law enforcement’s ability to manage the protests, but the situation escalated nonetheless[5][7].
President Trump’s National Guard Deployment
In a rare move, President Trump federalized the California National Guard without the consent of Governor Newsom, invoking a seldom-used federal law that allows the president to deploy the National Guard in cases of rebellion or when the enforcement of federal laws is impeded. This marked the first time since 1965 that a president has activated a state’s National Guard without the governor’s approval. The president described the protests as a threat to government authority and national security[8][9].
Governor Newsom condemned the federalization as a violation of state sovereignty and urged the president to reverse the decision. The deployment aims to quell the unrest and secure federal buildings amid ongoing demonstrations[8][9].
What is the National Guard?
The National Guard is a unique military reserve force that operates under both state and federal authority. Each state, including California, maintains its own National Guard, which consists of three components: the Army National Guard, the Air National Guard, and the State Guard. The California National Guard is the largest in the United States, with over 24,000 troops[6].
Dual Role
The National Guard serves a dual mission. Under the governor’s control, it can be used for state emergencies, natural disasters, and civil disturbances. When federalized by the president, it can be mobilized for national defense, war, or federal emergencies[6].
Composition
The Guard is composed mostly of part-time citizen-soldiers who train regularly but maintain civilian jobs or education. They undergo basic training and periodic drills to stay prepared for activation[9].
State Guard
The California State Guard is a component of the California National Guard but operates solely under state authority and cannot be federalized. It supports state missions and emergency responses as directed by the governor[6].
Current Situation
As of June 9, 2025, approximately 300 National Guard members were already deployed in Los Angeles, with the president authorizing an additional 2,000 troops. Marines have also been put on prepared status to assist if needed. The presence of these forces underscores the federal government’s intent to maintain control amid escalating protests related to immigration enforcement[2][3][4][5].
The protests continue to draw large crowds, with demonstrators demanding an end to ICE raids and immigration policies they view as harsh and unjust. The situation remains fluid, with authorities balancing law enforcement and crowd control measures[1][7].
This deployment highlights the complex interplay between federal authority and state sovereignty in managing civil unrest and immigration enforcement in California. The National Guard’s role as both a state and federal force is central to this dynamic, especially in times of crisis.”
The Phlon Education Development Unit (PEDU) proudly celebrated the completion of its intensive “Digital Literacy and Building Minimum Viable Products (MVP)” summer course with a vibrant graduation ceremony at Anusasanee Meditation Hall, Taung Galay Pariyatti Paṭipatti Śāsana Vihāra.
Distinguished Attendees
The event was honored by the presence of:
Head monks from neighboring villages
Elders of Taung Galay (ဖၠုံပညာ့တွါန့်) community
PEDU Youth Network members
12-Seasons Karen Traditional Don Dance Group
Teachers from Taung Galay Monastic School
Young novices and nuns of the monastery
The ceremony commenced with an inspirational address by Program Director and Principal (Sayadaw) Ashin Uttama, who emphasized the transformative power of digital skills and innovation for community development.
Project Showcase: Turning Ideas into Reality
Over 41 days (80+ both lecture and project hours), participants engaged in rigorous theoretical and hands-on learning, culminating in eight impactful projects:
After the award-giving ceremony, guests enjoyed a communal meal.
Special Appreciation
We extend our deepest appreciation to all honored guests for your presence and encouragement, to the PEDU Channel – ဖလုံပညာ့ for live broadcasting this milestone, and to every volunteer, supporter, and well-wisher who contributed to the success of this event. The photo booth at the entrance of the venue was adorned with elegant floral arrangements, generously sponsored by Hpa-an Floral by Lu Ku, one of the alumni of the Taunggaly monastic school. Your collective efforts embody the spirit of community and progress that PEDU stands for.
A Vision for the Future
This program aligns with PEDU’s mission to bridge the digital divide and empower communities through education. As Sayadaw Uttama noted, “These skills are seeds for a self-reliant future, where technology meets tradition.”
Digital Literacy & Building Minimum Viable Products (MVP) (2025) conducted by Phlon Education Development Unit (PEDU)
We are honored to invite you to attend the graduation ceremony of the Digital Literacy and Building Minimum Viable Products (2025) summer course, which will be held according to the following schedule. Your presence and encouragement would be greatly appreciated.
As part of the Digital Literacy and Building Minimum Viable Products (MVP) 2025 summer program organized by PEDU, a hands-on Hydroponics Farming Workshop was conducted at Taung Galay Monastery in Taung Galay village. The session was co-instructed by Saw Yair Min Sein, who played a key role in guiding participants through the practical assembly of hydroponic systems.
– Saw Yair Min Sein demonstrating PVC rack assembly. – Collaborative construction of a circulating hydroponic system. – Novices assembling hydroponic systems using recycled materials.
Focusing on sustainable agriculture, the workshop introduced young monastics to soil-less farming techniques. Saw Yair Min Sein, with his technical expertise, assisted learners in constructing PVC-based hydroponic racks and setting up automated solution circulation using electronic timers. Under his guidance, novice monks and nuns learned how to maintain proper nutrient flow and optimize growing conditions for plants.
The workshop emphasized practical skills; from measuring PVC pipes to programming irrigation cycles, enabling participants to replicate these systems in their communities. By the end of the session, each attendee had contributed to building a functional hydroponic setup, fostering teamwork and innovation.
This initiative reflects PEDU’s commitment to blending traditional education with modern sustainability practices, equipping young learners with skills for self-reliance. The Digital Literacy and MVP 2025 program continues to foster innovation at Taung Galay Monastery, bridging agriculture, technology, and community development. Future workshops will further explore agricultural technology—stay tuned for updates!
As part of the Digital Literacy and Building Minimum Viable Products (MVP) 2025 summer program organized by PEDU, a special workshop on Design Theory and Introduction to Canva was held at Taung Galay Monastery in Taung Galay village. The session was led by guest speaker Naw Ywa Phod Lei, a local expert from the village, who introduced young monastics to the fundamentals of graphic design and practical tools for digital creativity.
The workshop aimed to equip participants with essential skills in visual communication, an increasingly valuable asset in today’s digital world. Naw Ywa Phod Lei guided the attendees through the basics of design principles, such as layout, color theory, and typography, before transitioning into a hands-on Canva tutorial. The students, primarily novice monks and nuns, enthusiastically practiced creating social media graphics, posters, and simple logos under her instruction.
This session aligns with PEDU’s broader mission to bridge traditional monastic education with modern digital tools, empowering young learners with skills for both personal expression and potential income-generating opportunities. The interactive workshop encouraged creativity, with many participants showcasing their first-ever digital designs by the end of the day.
Workshop Highlights
Naw Ywa Phod Lei explaining design principles to attentive learners.Young novice experimenting with Canva on laptop.
The Digital Literacy and MVP 2025 program continues to foster innovation at Taung Galay Monastery, combining technology, entrepreneurship, and local expertise. Stay tuned for more updates on upcoming sessions!
