{"id":4884,"date":"2020-05-30T04:38:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-29T22:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884"},"modified":"2025-07-26T06:06:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T23:36:47","slug":"impacts-of-migration-on-socioeconomic-life-a-case-study-of-hlaingkabar-village-hpa-an-township-kayin-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life: A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Journal article<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Shin Thynn Tun, Theingi Soe, Amy Khaing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">University of Mandalay, Research Journal, Vol.11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">30th May 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Migration is a crucial part of many people\u2019s livelihood strategy, meaning the capabilities, assets and activities required for their means of living. The majority of the local people dwelling in Hlaingkabar village earn their living by depending on farming. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impacts of migration as an alternate livelihood strategy on socioeconomic life living in Hlaingkabar village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State. This research applied ethnographic research methods, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Most of the people living in Hlaingkabar village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State are Kayin nationals. Hlaingkabar villagers depend on paddy growing, migration work, shopkeeping and odd jobs. Since 1998, family\u2019s social, health and education conditions cannot support by only farming income because of decreases in the rice price, leading to push factors for the villagers to seek to solve their problems through other livelihood strategies, like migration. When they get contacts through their social networks to get job opportunities outside that support a regular income, we can see many pull factors that motivate them to migrate to Thailand as migrant workers. Gradually, due to the contacts of friends and relatives in 2015, both married and single women get more job opportunities than men. Consequently, the child birth rate of the village has become as low as two children per family. Those children, however, get chances to become educated more than before. This research concludes that on the one side migration changes have positive impacts on the local people to develop education, but on the other side it affects family structure, labor shortage in farming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Migration, livelihood, family structure, education<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Impacts-of-Migration-on-Socioeconomic-Life-A-Case-Study-of-Hlaingkabar-Village-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village (1).\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0354e1fb-6099-4a08-b676-1e8d9a6aa57b\" href=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Impacts-of-Migration-on-Socioeconomic-Life-A-Case-Study-of-Hlaingkabar-Village-1.pdf\">Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village (1)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Impacts-of-Migration-on-Socioeconomic-Life-A-Case-Study-of-Hlaingkabar-Village-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-0354e1fb-6099-4a08-b676-1e8d9a6aa57b\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Original Source:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/meral.edu.mm\/records\/5632\">https:\/\/meral.edu.mm\/records\/5632<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_4884\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"4884\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 16px; 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The majority of the local people dwelling in Hlaingkabar village earn their living by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_4884\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"4884\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 16px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 16\/16;\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4889,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[178,61,419],"tags":[1127,1125,1123,1121],"class_list":["post-4884","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education-en","category-english","category-karen-people","tag-education","tag-family-structure","tag-livelihood","tag-migration"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life: A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State - \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1015\u100a\u102c<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Migration is a crucial part of many people\u2019s livelihood strategy, meaning the capabilities, assets and activities required for their means of living. The majority of the local people dwelling in Hlaingkabar village earn their living by depending on farming. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impacts of migration as an alternate livelihood strategy on socioeconomic life living in Hlaingkabar village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life: A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State - \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1015\u100a\u102c\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Migration is a crucial part of many people\u2019s livelihood strategy, meaning the capabilities, assets and activities required for their means of living. The majority of the local people dwelling in Hlaingkabar village earn their living by depending on farming. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impacts of migration as an alternate livelihood strategy on socioeconomic life living in Hlaingkabar village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&amp;lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u1019\u101f\u102c\u1015\u100a\u102c\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-29T22:08:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-07-25T23:36:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/University-of-Mandalay-Research-Journal-Vol.11-2020.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mahar Admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mahar Admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mahar Admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/#\/schema\/person\/1ddcbedc4a029605cef71fe913c8e2b7\"},\"headline\":\"Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life: A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-05-29T22:08:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-07-25T23:36:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en\"},\"wordCount\":323,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/University-of-Mandalay-Research-Journal-Vol.11-2020.png\",\"keywords\":[\"education\",\"family structure\",\"livelihood\",\"migration\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Education\",\"English\",\"Karen People\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en\",\"name\":\"Impacts of Migration on Socioeconomic Life: A Case Study of Hlaingkabar Village, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State - \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1015\u100a\u102c\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/?p=4884&lang=en#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/mahar.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/University-of-Mandalay-Research-Journal-Vol.11-2020.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-05-29T22:08:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-07-25T23:36:47+00:00\",\"description\":\"Migration is a crucial part of many people\u2019s livelihood strategy, meaning the capabilities, assets and activities required for their means of living. 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